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'''Before-the-fact heroes; after-the-fact bad apples''': Nick Leeson, Jeff Skilling, Ken Lay, Jerome Kerviel, Kweku Abodoli, Elizabeth Holmes, Arif Naqvid, Charlie Javis, Jo Lo, Bernie Madoff, Sam Bankman-Fried. | '''Before-the-fact heroes; after-the-fact bad apples''': Nick Leeson, Jeff Skilling, Ken Lay, Jerome Kerviel, Kweku Abodoli, Elizabeth Holmes, Arif Naqvid, Charlie Javis, Jo Lo, Bernie Madoff, Sam Bankman-Fried. | ||
'''Before-the-fact | '''Before-the-fact bad apples; after-the-fact heroes''': Fortune journalist [[Enron Corporation|Bethany MacLean]] (Enron). Contrarian hedge fund trader [[Collateralised debt obligation|Michael Burry]] (Subprime). Madoff whistleblower [[Harry Markopolos]]. FT journalist [[Wirecard|Dan McCrum]] (Wirecard). The formalist system systematically ignored them, fired them, tried to put them in prison. | ||
The JC’s view: the “bad apple” concept is not a good one if the virtue of one’s applehood is only apparent in hindsight. | The JC’s view: the “bad apple” concept is not a good one if the virtue of one’s applehood is only apparent in hindsight. |