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In much the same vein, {{author|W. Edwards Deming}} writes<ref>{{br|The Essential Deming}}, ed. Joyce Orsini, Ch. 7.</ref> about the value ''to the whole system'' of commoditised public standards: railway gauges; fork-lift pallets, containers — standards which, once everyone adopts them, just make the whole world’s life easier. No single solution is perfect — undoubtedly some advantages accrue to having wide gauges, and some to having narrow gauges, but ''neither confers as much net benefit as having everyone on the same gauge''. Once there is critical mass, the incentives point only one way. | In much the same vein, {{author|W. Edwards Deming}} writes<ref>{{br|The Essential Deming}}, ed. Joyce Orsini, Ch. 7.</ref> about the value ''to the whole system'' of commoditised public standards: railway gauges; fork-lift pallets, containers — standards which, once everyone adopts them, just make the whole world’s life easier. No single solution is perfect — undoubtedly some advantages accrue to having wide gauges, and some to having narrow gauges, but ''neither confers as much net benefit as having everyone on the same gauge''. Once there is critical mass, the incentives point only one way. | ||
===Standardisation by regulation=== | ===Standardisation by regulation=== | ||
But how to achieve the necessary critical mass? One way is regulation: it might aggravate laissez-faire purists, who would say regulation shouldn’t be necessary, but it does work. The dear old [[European Union]] has long been a standard-bearer: the internal market, the “four freedoms”,<ref>Remind me why did the UK leave again?</ref> and, well, a public common standard for phone chargers in 2009.<ref>[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_09_301 press release here].</ref> This change, whcih came ''over strong objections from Apple''<ref>[https://appleinsider.com/articles/20/02/02/what-the-eu-mandate-for-a-common-smartphone-charger-means What the EU mandate for a common smartphone charger means] — ''Apple Insider | But how to achieve the necessary critical mass? One way is regulation: it might aggravate laissez-faire purists, who would say regulation shouldn’t be necessary, but it does work. The dear old [[European Union]] has long been a standard-bearer: the internal market, the “four freedoms”,<ref>Remind me why did the UK leave again?</ref> and, well, a public common standard for phone chargers in 2009.<ref>[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_09_301 press release here].</ref> This change, whcih came ''over strong objections from Apple''<ref>[https://appleinsider.com/articles/20/02/02/what-the-eu-mandate-for-a-common-smartphone-charger-means What the EU mandate for a common smartphone charger means] — ''Apple Insider''</ref> boosted the move towards the USB-C standard. Suddenly, up to a given wattage, you can plug ''any'' device in ''anywhere'', and it works. | ||
Apple seems to have survived and, I dare say, thrived notwithstanding. | Apple seems to have survived and, I dare say, thrived notwithstanding. | ||