The curious structure of an MTN

The Law and Lore of Repackaging Go Premium “bond” as explained to my neighbor Phil A bond (also called a “note”, “MTN” or a “debt security”) is a form of loan. It is like an IOU from a company or a government. Instead of taking one big loan from a bank, a company issues lots of little loans, in the form of bonds to investors. To buy a bond is to lend money to the issuing company, who must repay that money by “redeeming” the bond its stated maturity date. In the good old days, bonds were security-printed certificates with the loan terms and conditions printed on them. Repayment to bearer: The company will pay principal and interest to the “bearer” of a bond — that is, whoever holds it, and who turns up on the correct payment date and presents the bond to the issuer for redemption. Interest coupons: If interest is payable, the bond will have coupons — literally, little perforated tabs that you can tear off and present separately — for each interest payment. Hence the expression “coupon” has become synonymous in modern finance with interest. Transferability: Because the issuer pays whoever holds the bond, this means the bond is negotiable — any bondholder can sell its bond to another investor without the issuer’s permission or knowledge. The issuer doesn't care: it has to redeem the same number of bonds, whoever holds them. Electronic trading: Nowadays, almost all bonds trade and settle electronically, inside clearing systems, so there are no certificates or coupons, and everything happens in the blink of an eye. But the principle is the same. Financial concepts my neighbour Phil was asking about when I borrowed his mower. Index: Click ᐅ to expand: Cut out and keep Edit Repack Anatomy: Hedging exemption | Covenant to pay | Quoted Eurobond exemption | Pre-enforcement | The curious structure of an MTNIndex: Click ᐅ to expand: Repackaging Comments? Questions? Suggestions? Requests? Insults? We’d love to 📧 hear from you. Sign up for our newsletter.

You will know old Grandpa Contrarian’s story of the farmer and the sheep. It is illustrated richly in every cove, inlet and waterway of the financial markets, but is no better exemplified than in the genetic structure of a medium term note programme.

These, for the fortunately uninitiated, are architectural structures by which corporations raise funds in the international debt capital markets. Their history is long and mildly diverting at best — the type who naturally deals in debt instruments is not really given to intrigue — but for our purposes it is important.

Now: As per the panel summary, a bond of any kind is an IOU, in that it represents an entitlement to be repaid a loan. In earlier epochs one would borrow against a “note” — literally a signed piece of paper indicating your preparedness to pay a sum to whoever presented it, in exchange for its surrender.

The neat thing about this kind of note is its transferability: the original lender can “negotiate” it — sell it without the issuer’s permission, or even knowledge — and its value will be the present value of the issuer’s promise to pay. A note is a unilateral contract, therefore. A conventional loan is a bilateral contract, and the job of transferring ones rights and liabilities under it is more involved, and often requires the cooperation of the borrower.

Notes therefore are liquid, transferrable things, and while they are outstanding the issuer need not even know who its creditors are. They only become present on point of any payment of principal or interest, as they would need to actually show up at the issuer’s office with their instrument in hand.