Determinism
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Philosophy
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Scientific reductionism taken to its logical conclusion, a conclusion that is so plainly illogical you think it would cause pause for thought, but because reductionists are so terrified of post-modernism, people tend to swallow it and just go with it, no matter how insane its consequences.
Determinists reason, deductively, that seeing as the universe is wholly and exclusively a material thing, and is governed by immutable laws of physics and causation — but is it? — anything that will happen to any part of the universe can, with enough computational horse power and the right amount of information, be calculated in advance, and the fact that something hasn’t been so pre-calculated, or predicted, and that the trajectory of every atom in the universe has not, yet, been charted from its origin at the big bang to its final logical end point in the gnab gib, being the same singularity with which our universe began only with the arrow of time reversed — is merely a reflection of the inadequacy of our computational apparatus, and our approach to data-gathering.
Since, if everything were solved, there would be no point to existence at all, this is a pretty desolate worldview. All that saves us from that place is a marginal degree of ignorance. Great.
Causal intervention and substrate neutrality
So Complexity and Chaos by Roger White is a fun read. Among its insights:
Living things — biological organisms, but also cellular automata etc. — necessarily have encoded into them a set of “instructions” for their own replication: this is an operating condition of replicating: the organism functions like a Turing machine.
The physical substrate in which the information is encoded is not materially important to the replication process, only symbolically so. The instructions themselves are “substrate neutral”: you could encode them in DNA, cells, ticker tape or code. You could build a Turing machine out of transistors, vacuum tubes, or ten-ton concrete blocks, each would take wildly different amounts of more energy to process the same simple string, and all vastly more than would a Pentium processor. But the symbolic meaning of the string inside the Turing machine would be the same.
Now, philosophy nuts: recall from your God, Mind and Free Will intro lectures the materialist “clincher” that proved consciousness must be wholly material: there is no evidence for non-material causal interventions in the physical world. If there were, there would be some kind of injection or leakage of energy into the physical system. But there is not: energy is conserved. A non-material consciousness to would invalidate the laws of thermodynamics: non-material consciousness breaks rules of thermodynamics, in other words. Game over.
But, hold on: this, as Daniel Dennett articulates it, is exactly Darwin’s Dangerous Idea. Evolution is an algorithmic process. It is, in its most abstract sense, a manipulation of symbolic logic. And isn’t this exactly what a symbolic language does? It operates on a figurative level: it injects meaning independent of the substrate in which it is articulated, without the need for any physical causal intervention? Thermodynamics are irrelevant to the conveyance of a meaning which itself undoubtedly changes the physical universe. A new organism is created.
This non-material intellectual structure has a direct causal effect on the physical world.
To analyse a Turing machine in purely thermodynamic terms (in terms of its total transfer of energy while physically operating) is to miss everything important about the Turing machine.
The heat energy of a sentence is not what is meaningful about a sentence, that is to say.
Take Hamlet’s phrase: “The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune”. It has less physical energy content — at the limit, less total information content — than the paragraphs that precede it in this article.
But it doesn’t, does it? Those seven words are far richer, more meaningful and more culturally significant than the entire content of this wiki: at last count, 4,499 articles containing tens of thousands of lines of pompous, deluded text.[1]
Any research program that stops there — as materialism does — has missed a pretty big part of the picture. In any case an eliminative materialist position, that says brain states are