Probability

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The JC is no great statistician, but the idea of probability gets tossed around rather more than it usefully should.

probability in the narrow sense, concerns itself with the outcome of discrete events with fixed nature that happen in tightly bounded circumstances — rather akin to Nancy Cartwright’s idea of the “nomological machine”: the tossing of a die, for example. Here the tightly bounded circumstances are (i) it is a die; (ii) it has six equal sides which are more less weighted evenly so there are no physical constraints favouring one side over another; (iii) there are only six possible outcomes (i.e., that it lands on one of the six sides); (iv) it is tossed in a way which tends to randomness of outcome; there are no other factors which will influence the result; (v) it is tossed a defined number of times; (vi) what happens to the die during the experiment when it is not being tossed is irrelevant.

In these tightly constrained conditions one can calculate the probabilities without trial-and-error: no scientific experiment is needed, and if you run one anyway and it yeilds a result other than the one predicted by the maths then that is either just a randomised variation that should straighten itself out over time or, if it does not, it does not falsify probability theory but rather is evidence that the die is weighted when it is not meant to be.

The sorts of things that are not allowed to happen in the nomological machine are: someone stealing the die, or it getting lost; three more dice being added to the game; the tosseur putting the dice down in a certain way, or tossing them too many or two few times; the tosseur resigning, or dying; the dice melting, shape-shifting, or turning into a bowl of flowers — and so on.