View source for Set-off

{{g}}[[Net-net]], there are three concepts to bear in mind: [[close-out netting]], [[settlement netting]], and [[set-off]]. Related, but different things.

*If you are an [[ISDA ingénue]] you may have come to the [[set-off]] page by accident. Chances are, you’re really interested in close-out [[netting]]. 
*If you are an [[ISDA ninja]], you’ll know the difference, so welcome. 

Don’t forget the specific article about {{isdaprov|Set-off}} in Section {{isdaprov|6(f)}} of the {{2002ma}}

===Easy, tiger.===
{{Set off capsule}}

See, for example, {{isdaprov|Set-off}} in the {{2002ma}} under Section {{isdaprov|6(f)}}. So you don’t just do it for the hell of it.

===General terms===
That said, at its simplest, a right of set-off exists where there are cross-claims for money between a creditor and a debtor. The effect of a set-off is that both claims are discharged to the extent that they are of an equal amount, and the balance becomes owing to the party who was owed the larger amount. 
==Set-off and netting==
{{set-off and netting}}
===[[Set off]] and [[subrogation]] under a [[guarantee]]===
{{subrogation setoff}}
==The varieties and mysteries of set-off==
===Contractual set-off===
Where each party to a transaction owes the other they may agree that, instead of making separate payments, the party due to make the larger payment should simply pay the difference. Set off provisions in the {{isdama}} and {{gmsla}} tend to go a lot wider, and allow (on default) a non-defaulting party to offset amounts owing against any liabilities of any kind owed by the defaulting party. This is clearly a drastic step and ordinarily would only be exercised as an utter last resort. See:
*{{gmslaprov|Set-off}} ([[GMSLA]]) 
*{{isdaprov|Set-off}} ([[ISDA]])
===[[Insolvency set-off]]===
''You can’t contract out of [[insolvency set-off]] under [[English law]].''
{{insolvency set-off capsule}}
===Banker’s right to [[combination of accounts|combine accounts]]===
{{combination of accounts capsule}}
===[[Equitable set-off]]===
This is a self-help remedy available to a debtor whose cross-claim arises from the same transaction (or a closely related transaction) as the original debt. Under this device a debtor simply deducts its claim from the debt it owes and tenders any balance to the creditor. The sums in question must be due or, if representing unliquidated damages, a [[good faith]] and reasonable assessment of the loss. (Contrast with set off at law, which requires the claims to be determined by judgment of the courts).

In {{casenote|Geldof Metaalconstructie|Carves}} [2010] EWCA Civ 667 the leading judgment confirmed the equitable test as being “whether the cross-claim is ... so closely connected with the claimant’s demand that it would be manifestly unjust to allow it to enforce payment without taking into account the cross-claim.”

===Cross-affiliate set-off===
{{crossaffiliate setoff}}

==[[Chicken Licken]]’s Guide{{tm}} to things that might defeat [[set off]]==
{{assignment and set off}}
{{collateral and set off}}

{{sa}} 
*For setting off of exposures under a master agreement versus other general exposures against the counterparty, see:
**{{isdaprov|Set-off}} ({{isda}})
**{{gmslaprov|Set-off}} ({{gmsla}})
**There is no general right of set-off in a {{gmra}}
*For the [[net-net]] valuation technique, go read [https://www.amazon.co.uk/d/cka/Security-Analysis-Sixth-Foreword-Warren-Buffett-Editions/0071592539 Graham on ''Security Analysis''], and in no other circumstances utter [[net-net|that expression]].
*[[Netting]]
{{ref}}
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