Debt security
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“Bond” as explained to my neighbor Phil
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A bond (also called a “note”, “MTN” or a “debt security”) is a form of loan. It is like an IOU from a company or a government. Instead of taking one big loan from a bank, a company issues lots of little loans, in the form of bonds to investors. To buy a bond is to lend money to the issuing company, who must repay that money by “redeeming” the bond its stated maturity date. In the good old days, bonds were security-printed certificates with the loan terms and conditions printed on them. Repayment to bearer: The company will pay principal and interest to the “bearer” of a bond — that is, whoever holds it, and who turns up on the correct payment date and presents the bond to the issuer for redemption. Interest coupons: If interest is payable, the bond will have coupons — literally, little perforated tabs that you can tear off and present separately — for each interest payment. Hence the expression “coupon” has become synonymous in modern finance with interest. Transferability: Because the issuer pays whoever holds the bond, this means the bond is negotiable — any bondholder can sell its bond to another investor without the issuer’s permission or knowledge. The issuer doesn't care: it has to redeem the same number of bonds, whoever holds them. Electronic trading: Nowadays, almost all bonds trade and settle electronically, inside clearing systems, so there are no certificates or coupons, and everything happens in the blink of an eye. But the principle is the same. |
Financial concepts my neighbour Phil was asking about when I borrowed his mower.
Index: Click ᐅ to expand:Edit A freely transferable financial instrument evidencing indebtedness. Comes in a few different types:
By type of issuer
- Government bonds - issued by sovereigns so existing free of capital structure, logically immune to insolvency, but practically distressingly capable of default (yes we're looking at you Argentina) and of course the “who’s queen?” gambit
- Corporate bonds
- Structured notes — weird & wacky securitised derivatives, issued outta espievies
By name
Categorisations that will appeal (and occur) only to etiquette freaks — the sort of folk who are jazzed by which side of your plate you take the bun from — and lawyers:
- bond - traditionally a fixed rate debt security
- Note - traditionally a floating rate security
- Medium term note - A debt security issued off a programme rather than as a stand alone)
By interest feature
By position in the capital structure
Senior
Pari passu
- Bond: A bond is a debt security, traditionally bearing a fixed rate of interest, and issued as a stand-alone (rather than off an MTN programme).}
- Note: A note is a debt security, traditionally bearing a floating rate of interest, and issued as a stand-alone (rather than a medium term note, which is issued off an MTN programme).
- Medium term note (or “MTN”): A medium term note is a debt security, which may bear a fixed or floating rate of interest (or some other kooky derivative payoff), and is issued off an MTN programme). At one time, MTNs were typically issued only for a medium term — up to about 5 years — but that's all gone now. They still get called medium term notes though. In practice standalone bonds and notes are far less common these days, because they’re such a faff to issue and list, whereas MTNs are much easier and do pretty much the same job. I know how much you love a metaphor, so think of bonds and notes as broadsheet newspapers, and MTNs as an android app.
- Convertible bond:
Subordinated
By funkiness
- Repackagings - See “weird and wacky securitised derivatives” - jam a par asset swap in an espievie and away you go...
- Securitisations — monetising future cashflows, once so rock ’n’ roll that even Bowie was into it until someone had the idea of...
- Collateralised debt ob — DON'T SAY IT YOU ARE NOT ALLOWED TO SAY IT IT IS LIKE VOLDEMORT
Why aren’t debt securities traded on exchange?
Unlike shares which can trade on exchange, in organised trading facilities or over-the-counter, debt securities (bonds, notes, MTNs, certificates of deposit and so on) tend to trade only over-the-counter. They are not traded on exchange, and (while in bearer form) tend not to be traded in the secondary market nearly as often.
A given issuer tends to issue only one type of share (okay, maybe two - ordinary shares and preference shares). All of its ordinary shares are the same and are interchangeable (technically, they’re “fungible” with each other), meaning the same security is common across all venues in the market. That’s what gets listed, and it is (relatively) liquid.
By contrast, debt securitiess come in all kinds of shares and sizes. The same issuer might issue hundreds of different series with different economic characteristics, maturities and yields and features. Bonds of one series are not fungible with bonds of other series. Hence a given bond is generally far less liquid than an ordinary share of the same issuer. This, there are more issuers, and issues of bonds with different characteristics, which makes it difficult for bonds to be traded on exchanges. Another reason why bonds are traded over the counter is the difficulty in listing current prices.