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| A [[process agent]], for an agreement subject to the jurisdiction the courts of [[England and Wales]], is an agent located ''in'' [[England and Wales|England or Wales]] (or, in theory, their adjacent territorial waters) who accepts service of legal proceedings filed in those courts for someone who is ''not'' in England or Wales — technically, who has no permanent place of business here.
| | {{qd|Process agent|/ˈprəʊsɛs ˈeɪʤᵊnt/|n|An agent located ''in'' a jurisdiction who is appointed by a contracting counterparty ''outside'' that jurisdiction to accept service of legal proceedings filed against it in the courts of that jurisdiction, to discharge the procedural requirement that they are physically served within the jurisdiction.}} |
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| The {{pl|https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part02#2.3|rules of English civil court procedure}}<ref>Rule 6.11 of Part 6, details freaks.</ref> requires a claim (in the trade, “[[process]]”) brought before an English (or Welsh) court to be physically served on the respondent within [[England or Wales]] (or, at the limit, in their adjacent territorial waters).<ref>In the {{pl|https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part02#2.3|rules of English civil court procedure}} the “jurisdiction” is defined as “unless the context requires otherwise, England and Wales ''and any part of the territorial waters of the United Kingdom adjoining England and Wales''” so, therefore, those of the Her Majesty’s territorial waters which ''adjoin Scotland or Northern Ireland'' are out of bounds.</ref> Service in [[Scotland]] — or ''its'' territorial waters — will not do. This means you can serve process on someone rowing a boat in the Bristol Channel, but not in Inverness, much less on someone escaping in rowing a boat to, for example, the Isle of Skye.
| | {{drop|F|or English law}} contracts the jurisdiction in question is that of “the courts of [[England and Wales]]” — there is no such thing as United Kingdom law — the {{pl|https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part02#2.3|rules of English civil court procedure}}<ref>Rule 6.11 of Part 6, details freaks.</ref> require process physically to be served within [[England and Wales|England or Wales]] (or, in theory, their adjacent territorial waters<ref>I find the idea of serving in territorial waters strangely fascinating. In the {{pl|https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part02#2.3|rules of English civil court procedure}} “jurisdiction” is defined as “unless the context requires otherwise, England and Wales ''and any part of the territorial waters of the United Kingdom adjoining England and Wales''” so, therefore, those of the Her Majesty’s territorial waters which ''adjoin Scotland or Northern Ireland'' are out of bounds.</ref>). Service in [[Scotland]] — or ''its'' territorial waters — will not do. This means you can serve process on someone rowing a boat in the Bristol Channel, but not in Inverness, much less on someone escaping in rowing a boat to, for example, the Isle of Skye. |
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| This means if you have a [[contract]] with a counterparty who has no place of business in England or Wales (or their territorial waters), it will need to appoint a [[process agent]] on whom you can serve court papers should, heaven forfend, you need to.
| | A contracting counterparty whom you cannot rely on being in England or Wales should you have to sue it — one who has no permanent place of business there — you might ask to appoint as its agent a company who reliably ''will'' be there, and who is prepared to receive process served upon the counterparty and pass it on to head office. That person is a “process agent”. |
| =====Permanent place of business, not place of incorporation=====
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| What matters is your counterparty’s ''physical'' location at the time of service, not its spiritual ''legal'' home. True: a company incorporated in England and Wales must have a registered address there, so may always be served in the UK.<ref>This is somewhat squirrelly, actually: Section {{pl|https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/part/6|86}} of the [[Companies Act 2006 (UK)|Companies Act 2006]] says it must be an “appropriate address” but doesn’t go as far as to say it needs to be in England or Wales; however {{pl|https://www.gov.uk/limited-company-formation/company-address|online government guidance makes it clear}} that it must be: if in practice a registration would be rejected otherwise, for all intents and purposes it ''does'' need to be n the UK.</ref>
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| But an overseas company whose representative happens to be in England may properly be served even though it is not incorporated in England.
| | The best kind of process agent is an English-domiciled affiliate of the contracting entity who is happy to perform that role, as it generally will do it for free. But if you don’t have one, there are dedicated process agency businesses who will act as your process agent for, naturally enough, a suitably outrageous fee. |
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| Now, from a contracting perspective, you don’t know ''when'' you might need to serve papers, so if you are contracting with a foreign enterprise without a permanent operation in England or Wales it is quite the punt to hope some salesperson will be passing through when you happen to be suing it — so the practical test tends to be “does the company have a permanent place of business in England or Wales?” If you do, you can be served at it, so no need for a process agent. If you don’t a process agent is a prudent precaution.
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| =====Jurisdiction, not governing law=====
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| Point for details freaks: it is the ''[[jurisdiction]]'' of the courts and not the ''[[governing law]]'' law that matters. A contract governed by [[Swiss law]] but subject to the jurisdiction of the English courts<ref>This sounds ridiculous, I know, but it does happen. We have direct personal experience.</ref> would still need an English or Welsh process agent. In theory — and, yes, a ripe theory it would be — a contract governed by [[English law]] but subject to the [[exclusive jurisdiction]] of ''Italian'' courts<ref>This sounds ridiculous, I know, and ''is'' ridiculous. We have ''no'' personal direct experience of this, and do not want any, so you can save your postcards)</ref> would not.
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| This also means that an agreement subject to foreign law and the [[non-exclusive jurisdiction]] of foreign courts, and which therefore ''could'', in theory, come before an English or Welsh court, ''would'' require a process agent in England, Wales, or their territorial waters for that to happen.
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| This would look odd in the negotiation process.
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| The [[JC]] offers a free bag of sweeties to the first person who can show they have successfully inserted the appointment of an English process agent into a foreign law agreement for this reason.<ref>Up to fifty new pence in value, postage and packing excepted. Judge’s decision final is arbitrary, crotchety, and no correspondence will be [[entered into]] unless he feels like it, which he probably will. Competition not open to friends, relations, acquaintances or corresondents of the [[JC]].</ref>
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| =====The agent doesn’t have to agree, or do anything=====
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| Now here’s an interesting thing. Having contractually agreed your “method or place” for service, as long as the [[plaintiff]] can prove it complied with it — usually by having its [[process server]] swear an “[[affidavit of service]]” — the court will not then enquire whether the claim, duly served, ever found its way to the actual defendant.
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| The view is that the offshore defendant knowingly assumed the risk of its process agent being competent enough to forward the correspondence, in the same way a local defendant assumes the risk of its receptionist neglecting to pass a package actually delivered to its [[legal eagles]].
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| So the painful strictures in process agent [[boilerplate]] dealing with replacement or succession of agents are not strictly necessary: if the [[contract]] provides it may be served “by delivering it to the first person you meet at the counter in the Gregg’s pastry shop in Waterloo station at 9am” — even, I like to think, by “impaling it on Boadicea’s sword on the Victoria Embankment in the presence of one or more tourists”, then that is what you must do, and no more.
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| This is, by the way, no more than an articulation of the basic rules of agency: the agent represents the principal: what one gives to a disclosed agent, one gives to the principal as far as one is concerned.
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Process agent
/ˈprəʊsɛs ˈeɪʤᵊnt/ (n.)
An agent located in a jurisdiction who is appointed by a contracting counterparty outside that jurisdiction to accept service of legal proceedings filed against it in the courts of that jurisdiction, to discharge the procedural requirement that they are physically served within the jurisdiction.
For English law contracts the jurisdiction in question is that of “the courts of England and Wales” — there is no such thing as United Kingdom law — the rules of English civil court procedure[1] require process physically to be served within England or Wales (or, in theory, their adjacent territorial waters[2]). Service in Scotland — or its territorial waters — will not do. This means you can serve process on someone rowing a boat in the Bristol Channel, but not in Inverness, much less on someone escaping in rowing a boat to, for example, the Isle of Skye.
A contracting counterparty whom you cannot rely on being in England or Wales should you have to sue it — one who has no permanent place of business there — you might ask to appoint as its agent a company who reliably will be there, and who is prepared to receive process served upon the counterparty and pass it on to head office. That person is a “process agent”.
The best kind of process agent is an English-domiciled affiliate of the contracting entity who is happy to perform that role, as it generally will do it for free. But if you don’t have one, there are dedicated process agency businesses who will act as your process agent for, naturally enough, a suitably outrageous fee.
- ↑ Rule 6.11 of Part 6, details freaks.
- ↑ I find the idea of serving in territorial waters strangely fascinating. In the rules of English civil court procedure “jurisdiction” is defined as “unless the context requires otherwise, England and Wales and any part of the territorial waters of the United Kingdom adjoining England and Wales” so, therefore, those of the Her Majesty’s territorial waters which adjoin Scotland or Northern Ireland are out of bounds.