The dog in the night time
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Thene tune: born under a bad sign/crawling kingsnake - dangerboy Podcast idea - look at unusual anomalies in the markets and ask why they persist. What are the red-flags that an out and out fraud, pyramid, ponzi scheme is going on? are there some consistent themes? The idea is not to look at the progenitors of these crashes, so much as the rest of us. Why did gatekeepers, investors, regulators miss it? Why did our control mechanisms fail?
Examples
Crashes
What caused the crashes and how were these risks managed and viewed before the crash?
- Dotcom bust
- Russia crash of 1998
- October 1987
- Credit crunch of 2007
Frauds
| Scandal | Date | Where | Loss | Reason | Firings | Jail-Time? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post Office Horizon IT scandal | UK | Unjustified prosecution and conviction of hundreds of subpostmasters across the UK | Unaccountability, groupthink, astonishing collective amnesia, widespread incompetence, stupidity. | Conviction, imprisonment, suicide and bankruptcy of hundreds of perfectly innocent and quite nice people. | Loss of public honours (CBE). No firings yet: many candidates for defenestration jumped before they could be fired. | Excoriating public humiliation in front of public enquiry. Increasingly likely some criminal prosecutions may follow. |
| Credit Suisse | Switzerland | Gradual decline into entropy with a 92% decline in share price since 2015. | Hubris, widespread incompetence, stupidity, spying, uselessness. | Billions and billions over a series of avoidable cockups. | Like the old man in Monty Python and the Holy Grail, “I’m not dead. I think I’m going for a walk. I feel happy.” Market (to SNB): “Isn’t there anything you can do?” | It is not, yet, a crime to make a series of howling cockups[1] over a credulity-defying period any more than it is a crime to not read an AT1 prospectus. Reputations damaged for ever, but alas no porridge, however richly deserved it may seem. |
| Silicon Valley Bank memeplex | 2023 | US | $80bn or more | Dopey bank management, regulator asleep at switch, Peter Thiel panicking | Bank insolvent. Bondholders and shareholders wiped out. Other banks levied. Triggered other moral panics such as First National, Signature bank and others (poor old lucky Credit Suisse) | None yet. Lots of arguments about the presence or absence of moral hazard. Moral panic more like. |
| Frank | 2023 | US | $175m | Fraud, unfeasible gullibility | Javice got fired. Surely more to come | Not yet clear |
| FTX/Sam Bankman-Fried | 2022 | US, Bahamas | $32bn (so far) so some claims that everything has now been recovered and returned to its rightful owner | Hubris, stupidity, fraud | Fired: Gary Wang, Caroline Ellison, SBF. Bankruptcies: Alameda, Genesis, Blockfi. Suspensions of trading: Gemini Reported Losses: Crypto.com, Tiger Global Management, the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, SoftBank Group, BlackRock, Lightspeed Venture Partners, Temasek, and Sequoia Capital reported losses of $1bn |
Charged with wire fraud, conspiracy to commit securities fraud, money laundering, conspiracy to defraud the U.S., violation of campaign finance laws. |
| Barclays MTN Programme Limit | 2022 | US | £1.3bn | Internal Operations | None reported but you have to fear for those poor folk in ops. I beg your pardon? What poor folk in ops? Oh, Right. | No-one goes to jail for forgetting to monitor a programme limit. |
| LME Nickel short squeeze | 2022 | London | “Billions” | LME | None reported ... yet | No |
| Evergrande | 2021 | China | $300bn | Who knows? | No | |
| Archegos | 2021 | US | $10bn+ | UMR Internal operations |
100+ across brokers plus several senior executives and one CEO | Eyes peeled, Mr Huang |
| Greensill | 2021 | UK | $4.6bn | |||
| Melvin Capital Management LP | 2021 | US | $7bn | Hubris detector failed | Everyone! The fund shut down shortlay after | Talk of regulators, outrageously, going after the outsider traders, but nothing as yet. |
| Citigroup v Brigade | 2021 | US | $500m | Outsourcing, Operations, IT | Not reported but wouldn’t fancy being head of the team in Bangalore | No |
| Nikola | 2020 | US | About 80% share drop | CEO misrep | Must have been plenty | CEO indicted on charges of securities fraud |
| Wirecard | 2020 | Germany | $4bn | CEO misrep | All of them | Three charged with fraud including CEO |
| WeWork | 2019 | US | $11bn over three years | CEO yogababble | Nothing to see here folks! Got a new venture to start up | Jail? Dude hasn’t even been kicked off Marc Andreesen’s Xmas Card list. |
| Carillion | 2018 | UK | £7bn | Auditors | 3,000 jobs | No but litigation a-plenty |
| Patisserie Valerie | 2018 | UK | £94m | Auditors | 900 jobs | No but PWC fined 2.3m |
| Abraaj | 2017 | Saudi | $1bn | Fraud, Virtue signalling | Some, not clear how many. | Naqvi extradited and charged in US, many many gatekeepers fined |
| Fyre festival | 2017 | US | ||||
| Mozambique tuna bonds | 2012-2016 | Mozambique, Russia and Switzerland | £1.5-2bn Credit Suisse fined £350m and required to forgive its loans ouch | Fraud, corruption, money laundering | Plenty, including three Credit Suisse bankers and the minister in Mozambique | Three Credit Suisse bankers done on money laundering charges |
| 1MDB | 2016 | Malaysia, but tentacles stretching all over the world: USA, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Switzerland, China | Somewhere between $4.5bn and $8bn | Colossal fraud, corruption, money laundering and hip-hop | Hell yeah. Prime Ministers, Goldman Sachs Partners, and one dude — Jho Low — on the lam in rural china | You betcha: Australia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Luxembourg, Seychelles, Singapore, Switzerland, UAE, UK and US are all actively pursuing action. The two Goldman partners pled or were found guilty; one sentenced to 10 years, one awaiting sentencing. Malaysian PM and wife convicted and sentenced to 10+ years with money laundering. If anyone catches Jho Low he’s for the high jump too. |
| Mossack Fonseca | 2016 | Panama | ||||
| Theranos | 2016 | US | peak valuation 10bn | Fraud, delusion | everyone at the firm | Founders in jail for hundreds of years. |
| Wells Fargo accounts fraud | 2016 | US | $2.7bn in fines and civil suits | fraud, out-of-control rampant bad appledom | Plenty | SEC civil suits vs two senior executives |
| Volkswagen emissions | 2015 | Germany and US | ||||
| AIG | 2008 | US | US$61bn | Misunderstanding mortgages | Not reported | Some irritation that bonuses were still paid |
| Olympus | 2012 | Asia | US$4.9 | Accounting shenanigans, fraud | 2700 jobs | Kikugawa and Mori sentenced to 3 years in prison, 5 years suspended. Auditor sentenced to 2.5 years in prison, 4 years suspended. Olympus was fined 700 million yen ($7 million USD). In April 2014, six banks filed a civil suit against Olympus over the fraud, seeking an additional 28 billion yen in damages. |
| LIBOR rigging | 2009 | Worldwide | “If your mortgage or car-loan was pinned to Libor then perhaps you were disadvantaged by the manipulation of the rate. But it is also possible that you benefited from it.” To date, no one has been able to prove any loss. | Bad apples | Lots of firings of mid-level traders and rate submitters. Strange absence of exits from the Executive Suite, though you could say it contributed to Bob Diamond’s defenestration | Tom Hayes and Carlo Palombo were among 37 City traders prosecuted for manipulating benchmarks Libor and Euribor. Both men spent time in prison before being released in 2021. Matt Connolly and Gavin Black were convicted in the US then their convictions were overturned in 2023. |
| London Whale | 2012 | UK | £6.2b | Rogue trader | Bruno Iskill was fired; an external lawfirm did a deep dive but unclear anyone else was directly whacked | No |
| Kweku Abodoli | 2011 | UK | $4.5bn | Rogue trader | Abodoli and his line management | Abodoli |
| Jérôme Kerviel | 2008 | UK | $6.7bn | Rogue trader | Kerviel and his line management | Kerviel |
| Bernie Madoff | 2008 | US | US$65bn | Fraud/Ponzi | Whole firm, many subsidiaries and feeders | Madoff imprisoned. Several implicated enablers topped themselves. |
| Amaranth | 2007 | US | US$9.2 | Hubris, Markets misbehaving | Whole firm | Charges settled on payment of 750,000 fine. |
| Tyco | 2002 | US | US$3bn | Accounting shenanigans | Unclear | Kozlowski did a stretch. |
| Parmalat | 2003 | Italy | EUR14bn | Accounting shenanigans | Lots of settlements, fines and red faces | |
| Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae | 2008 | US | US$14.9bn | Failure to understand the concentrated risk of subprime home loans | No it was everyone else’s fault | No it was everyone else’s fault |
| Global Crossing | 2002 | US | US$47bn if you believed the company0146s valuations | accounting shenanigans | Whole firm | Gary Winnick and other ex-executives settled lawsuits filed by investors and former employees accusing the executives of committing securities fraud by using improper accounting to inflate the company's revenue |
| WorldCom | 2002 | US | US$11bn | Accounting shenanigans | Whole firm | Ebbers convicted of fraud, conspiracy, and filing false documents with regulators and sentenced to 25 years. |
| Enron | 2001 | US | US$63.4bn | Accounting shenanigans, hubris, mismanagement | Whole firm, plus Arthur Anderson collapsed, which was nice, oh and the Sarbanes Oxley Act | Skilling, Lay and Fastow jailed, for fraud, money laundering, insider trading, and conspiracy among other things. |
| LTCM | 1998 | US | $3.6 bn bailout orchestrated by the Fed | Black-Scholes option pricing model attacked them from nowhere | Everyone out of a job, Master of the Universe-sized reputations (John Meriwether, Myron Scholes, Robert C. Merton) cut to ribbons | No, though fourteen bank CEOs were locked in a room by the Federal Reserve for a weekend so that is something. |
| Yasuo Hamanaka | 1996 | Asia | US$1.8bn | Rogue Trader | Fired | Hamanaka convicted on four counts of forgery and fraud and sentenced to eight years in jail. Sumitomo paid fines of US$150 million to CFTC and US$8 million to the SIB to settle charges of copper price manipulations. |
| Nick Leeson | 1992 | UK Singapore | US$1.4 | Rogue trader | Whole firm | Leeson jailed. |
| Lehman | 2008 | Worldwide | US$613bn | Bankruptcy | Hundreds of thousands | Noone. |
Upcoming?
Who's next?
Theories
Disbelief-suspenders
- Reliance on agents and intermediaries: Reliance on trusted intermediaries as experts to place your funds so hold themselves out as experts and imply that they are taking responsibility for your interests but
- (a) expressly (but discreetly) disclaim that responsibility and
- (b) are incentivised in conflict to your interests (by retrocession commission from end investment and upfront commission from client)
- Compliance with ad hoc control mechanisms: presence of ad hoc proxy measures with which the plan was formally compliant: credit ratings, certifications, audit reports Sharpe ratios, "official" measurements which substitute for and *represent* actual intractable data with a simplified measurement or derivative, often provided by a third party not itself in possession of the intractable data.
- The velvet rope: the hoi polloi not welcome here. Celebrities only. See also “I don't want your business oh go on then”
- Affinity fraud: He's one of us.
- I don’t want your business: ... Oh go on then, really, if you must, just as a favour to you, you understand.
- Credibility: Connection top political figures or well-regarded community pillars. If George Schultz is on the board the company must be legit, right? We imagine community pillars have done their due diligence on our behalf?
- Cult of personality: A single Svengali, genius, Nobel prize-winners, NASDAQ chairmen
- The noble believer: The credible person who is duped and who unwittingly enables the fraud, The prison of belief.
Oh come on, Ref
- Over-reliance on “other adults”: We imagine regulators/rating agencies are better resourced, more watchful, more powerful, more talented and less human than they are. Examples:
- oversized management committee: a top heavy management structure with multiple board members whose function is effectively to to diffuse away responsibility rather than accept it, thereby giving cover 2 to micro dictator behaviour. See: Peter Thiel — Template:Be
- Referees with personal skin in the game: where referees have (wittingly or otherwise) committed personally to the enterprise, and are thus incentivised to find another explanation that doesn’t make them look bad
- Patchwork of politicised regulators: Operating a business at the intersection of regulatory regimes where:
- arbitrage is possible even for honest players;
- complexity makes compliance difficult, encourages opaque behaviour;
- sophisticated forensic analysis of the rules pays further dividends;
- competing regulators have a turf war and are thus otherwise occupied,
- competing regulators are incentivised to keep businesses they regulate “onside”;
- business finance political campaigns and indirectly influence the leadership of regulators - S&L scandal
In bed with the lawyers and accountants
A very cosy relationship with a single law firm, accounting firm or management consultancy firm. Especially if there is a history of parachuting senior personnel of one organisation into the other — senior partner becomes general counsel, etc. Especially if the law firm is otherwise not a significant player. Points for style: cosy relations with single firms in all of the above (top marks, Enron!)
- Enron and McKinsey; Vinson & Elkins; Arthur Andersen
- Big eight accounting firms and S&L firms
This time it’s different
A paradigm shift as part of the narrative. We’ve banished risk. The internet has changed economics forever.
- Enron: mark-to-market accounting
- Dotcom bust: traditional valuation models
- LTCM: option tail risk
- They're techno trousers. They’re ex NASA.
- Debatable product quality/differentiators — low barriers to entry/inability to create monopoly conditions in which to seek rent
Hiding in plain sight
- Publicity courting, egotistical CEO.
- Lavish lifestyle, private jets, fast cars.
- Spends a lot of time at conferences, Davos, wef
- Inspiring public speakers - hokey aspirational hogwash mixed with virtue signalling as a BS detector bypass. “we don’t discriminate on age, sex, race and together we are unstoppable”.
Money, money, money
- No, or little, like actual profit. You know, yet.
- Management compensation package out of line with ;actual (not aspirational) peers
- Compensation based on stock-price or top-line growth, incentivising short term behaviour
- Suggestions of cashflow trouble: especially if masked as “just in time financing” — delays in paying usual outgoings.
- Just-in-time financing
- High debt-to-equity ratio
- Duration mismatch — long-term assets funded by short-term liabilities — subprime mortgages; WeWork.
- Low quality earnings — enthusiasm for sophisticated or state-of-the-art accounting.
Nothing to see here folks
- Narrative failures: Control oversights brought about by overzealous application of the theory of the game.
- LTCM: reliance on Black Scholes notwithstanding it's failure to manage tail events
- WireCard: BaFin not able to believe that this could be corporate fraud when "mendacious short-selling" by "locust" hedge funds - aided and abetted by, ahh, investigative FT journalists - fit the BaFin's regulatory world view and seemed a better story.
- Sleepy backwater: It’s a boring and unglamorous part of the operational network. No one’s taking any risks there: Libor, Kerviel, Abodolo.
Cassandras
- Weirdo whistleblowers: The people who called it out were unglamorous, outsiders, easy to categorise as cranks.
- Harry Markopolos on Madoff
- Shorts on the Big Short
- Twitter groups, bloggers
- Short-sellers are the enemy: narratising the short-sellers as venal and self-interested (as if any investors aren’t!)
- SoftBank: SoftBank is an investor!
Porkie Indicators
- No errors: no screw ups, no bad launches: everything is fine. Real companies have setbacks. Especially if defended with hostility - e.g., you threaten to ruin EVERYTHING with your questions.
- Also implausibly steady rate of return over a period of time. Sea Madoff, Enron, AIG, WireCard
- The dog ate my homework: Promised answers to your questions are delayed, derailed, lost or excused. There's an excuse for everything. The excuses are implausible/out of proportion with the question. (what's the most plausible explanation: The dog really did eat your homework or ---?
Cloaking devices
- Micromanagement: Single person unusually able to influence/control the narrative.
- Reality distortion field: Charismatic leader can do no wrong, unusually able to divert attention from potential issues
- Secrecy: Insistence on confidentiality not just of unannounced plans but of entire operation. Black box operations. Masking the size of the operation (Madoff) or suggesting it is so secretive that you cannot know it (Theranos)
- Hostility: combative/aggressive demeanour to criticism
- This is different how?: To what extent is “fake it till you make it” bravura, and how much is it confidence in your ability to sort it out later, or big opportunities. Is there a difference?
- Performative, virtue signalling behaviour: making it difficult to quibble/criticise without seeming politically incorrect
All is not well
- High turnover: Especially when combined with confidentiality. Especially risk/control personnel. Workplace bullying etc.
- Who’s that guy?: A position of unusual influence with a flaky backstory
- A big problem is a small one that you didn’t fix when you could have: Often big problems start out as small problems, where a well-intended patch didn't play out. How disciplined is your organisation with sweating the little stuff. and what of the trade off between “bureaucracy” and “discipline with sweating the small stuff”?
- Internal checks defeaters: cultural/organisational factors undermining internal control mechanisms
- Internal competition/eat what you kill/personal ambition/territoriality
Risk control defeat devices
- Juniorisation: Specialisation/siloisation/jujniorisation of key risk personnel: miss emergent risks between functions, not understand bigger picture; not understand risks at all. Emphasis of form over substance: Playbook as a substitute for comprehension.
- Misaligned incentives: financial reporting as a profit centre (Enron)
Correlation risks
- Interconnectedness of red-flags
With all the checks and balances in financial regulation, how did:
- ↑ except where the individual cockups were themselves criminal of course