Contract analysis

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Luminaries, thought leaders and digital prophets will tell you that machines can now read and annotate contracts, such that yon poor legal eagles are no longer needed and will shortly hacve no choice but to work as pleasure droids for our transistor-based overlords. Quoth one such digital prophet:

... machines are also increasingly encroaching on tasks that, until now, have required a human ability to think and reason. In the legal sphere, for example, J. P. Morgan has developed a system that reviews commercial loan agreements. It does in a few seconds what would have required, they estimate, about 360,000 hours of human lawyer time.

— Daniel Susskind, A World Without Work

Three hundred and sixty thousand hours of professional work carried out in seconds. Sounds — literally — incredible, doesn’t it? Preternaturally intelligent silicon minds scanning and processing gigabytes of diverse text in an instant and analysing it for all material quirks and issues, like Zen from Blake’s Seven. Get your coat, legal eagles.

Contract analysis or data extraction?

But let’s just stop and consider what is actually going on here: a bank seeking to reviewing tens and probably hundreds of thousands of its own commercial loans. These loans will be rendered in the hideous, overwrought prose of the banking lawyer, to be sure, but — even allowing for template variations and evolution (by which I mean periodic Cambrian explosions of flannelry to which not even the House of Morgan is immune), the contracts will all be basically the same. If there has been a modicum of legal design applied — okay, that’s quite a big if — there will be a predictable schedule of customer details and economic variables — dates, amounts, currencies, rates, and optional elections — but the legal terms, however gruesomely articulated, will be homogeneous and, in any case within the bank’s control: a commercial bank with half a brain won’t allow its customers to wordsmith its standard terms. If it does, then that is the problem to be solved, not “how can I possibly understand all these varied terms I have agreed with hundreds of thousands of customers?”

Note the irony: it was only thanks to this kind of technology that we can even contemplate micro-variations to standard terms: behold the technology paradox: what Andy Grove giveth, the legal eagle’s innate appetite for pedantry taketh away. Technology that allows one to ignore the root cause of the problem and carry on anyway is bad technology.

But we digress. In any case, “reviewing one hundred thousand commercial loan agreements” really means “processing one hundred thousand tables of structured data”. This, doubtless, would take (and cost) an aeon if assigned to a battalion of legal eagles, and would in the process drive each of the poor buggers up the wall, but to be clear it would require absolutely no judgement, let alone legal acumen. It is a matter of transcription.

Assigning a lawyer to this task would, in any era, have been an act of cruel & unusual punishment, not to mention economic folly. It is not news that difference engines can process structured data better than meatware. This use of Pentium processing power is hardly the proverbial horseman on the lawyer’s ridge.

Contract review tools

More potentially transformative are emerging “artificially intelligent” contract review tools. These promise to take a foreign draft, received from a counterparty, and analyse it against a pre-defined playbook, together with other examples which the machine has already learned from, mark it up, and return it for completion of the negotiation.

This is a much harder stunt than reviewing your own standard terms. Legal text from random strangers can, and often does, say anything, and is liable to be rendered in the sort of inventively tumid syntax that only a trained professional could confect.

'Semantically, human languages are fundamentally ambiguous. Machines do not understand them. That's not how the AI works. “Natural language processing” means the mechanical processing of natural language, not the natural processing of language. It is a dumb, statistical, pattern-recognising process.

So however accurate a mark-up may become, there will always be a need for a human to read and approve it. A common subject for these contract review tools is confidentiality agreements, being as they are (a) low risk; (b) substantially standard: all confis say the same basic things; and (c) formally variable: there is no limit to the profligacy with which legal eagles can waste words in articulating generic commercial requirements.

But even here, technology disappoints. By and large it has made the existing problem worse. Institutions are now decommissioning contract review systems the same way they are repatriating once offshored operations functions. It is worth investigating why.

The problem statement

What is the problem the contract review tool is designed to solve: Confidentiality agreements are fiddly, but low-risk agreements that one must get through as quickly as possible to get to the fruitier deal negotiations they promise. Confis tend to be an “I’ll show you mind if you show me yours” kind of affair. But — especially in this data-obsessed world — they have buried risks if you don’t watch them carefully.

So you need your legal eagles to be on their game to stop the stupid getting in. And be assured, counterparties will throw lots of stupid at you. The fellow in charge of drafting a confi will not usually be the top gun lawyer in the organisation.

So, confidentiality agreements come in all shapes, sizes and shades of silliness. They needn’t be longer than a few paragraphs, but our American friends are given to presenting 15-page bunker busters which, in the main, say no more than a concise one, but you never know, so you must watch them like a hawk. It is all, in concept, standard stuff. But it is a faff — depending on how excruciating the writing style of the author, it might take an hour to review, correct mark-up and send back. And it isn’t exactly glamorous.

So the problem: it’s slow, it takes time, the review parameters are complicated (but not complex) — there is a (limited) risk of missing something — and a legal eagle has invariably got better things she could be doing. This is, by reference to the notional, but illusory, person-hours through which chief operating officers like to view the world, costing the firm money.

The contract review tool as a solution.

The contract review tool promises to save some of that money. It performs a first basic check, by reference to a pre-defined playbook of policies. It operates rather like a triage unit at a military hospital. It breaks the back of this tiresome work (while you are getting on with something more productive), it hands the draft over to you, you give it a once-over and it goes out the door. Brilliant.

That’s the theory.

But it isn’t as simple as that

But it turns out parsing text lovingly confected by some unknown legal eagle isn’t as easy as all that. Just boring syntactical things like plurals and irregular verbs and parentheticals — we layers love parentheticals — are hard to code for. And while in time the machine will get better at that, the universe of possible ways of articulating an idea is infinite and, while a form of locked-in syndrome inhibits access to most of their imaginations, when it comes to textual complexity and saying things which, for the avoidance of doubt, are not in doubt and need not be said, lawyers are infinitely creative. Parsing the fevered prose of a human lawyer is beyond the means of natural language processing. There will always need some kind of a human sense check. So, the contract review tools build in exactly that kind of sense-check function. They hire paralegals, in low-cost jurisdictions, to check the output before sending it back.

This has three unfortunate consequences:

It is slow

Firstly, it slows down the output: Instead of getting your markup immediately, you get it three-quarters of an hour or more later — that same three-quarters of an hour you in which you could have read it for yourself. This is more than enough time to become comprehensively distracted by something else.

It is more expensive

Secondly, it adds to the cost. Now, to be sure, reg tech providers are master rent-seekers, but here, in their bench of paralegal sense-checkers, they have an actual out-of-pocket cost which they have to pay. Thus, the contract review tool must carry a heavy charge per document review. Better ones charge less than a hundred bucks. Some charge as much as three hundred, per review.

Suddenly the cost proposition that swung the business case looks squiffy: you assumed you were saving an hour legal’s time, which you unitise at, say, $250. But that is a nominal cost. It is sunk. A new confi coming in doesn’t generate that cost, and firing the thing out to your contract review tool doesn’t save it. Internal legal eagles are a fixed cost, and are notoriously hard to shred back to the business. They just sit there, on the firm’s dime, whether you use them or not. Most work hard, of course — the legal eagle who punches out at 5pm on the smacker on any day, let alone every day is a rare bird. He will look at that confi, and anything else that needs to get done, at some stage during the day. Legal eagles don’t work to rule.

So, unless you can prove that, with your contract review tool you can actually let some of your lawyers go, it is not actually saving you any real money. It is costing real money — more than it would have cost your internal team just knock off the confi in the first place.

It isn’t actually reg tech at all. It’s just outsourcing that you’re calling reg tech

So reg tech that doesn’t work without a human standing behind it to prop it up isn’t reg tech: it is a gimmick. What we are really talking about here is outsourcing. But to a black box: these are personnel who you can’t see, you didn’t hire and you can’t evaluate, but (we must assume) are cheaper than your own personnel, since you are now paying for them, this confounded reg tech, not to mention the rent your software as a service provider is seeking to extract on the whole operation. Now unless the reg tech guy has figured out a better way to lowball recruits than you have, this means the people checking your confis are lower quality than your people. In this case, hire the reg tech firm as a recruitment consultant, not a crappy AI provider.

It makes for more work downstream

Now this is not so much a function of the technology but the perverse incentives that operate inside a sprawling organisation. Bear in mind the primary driver of most employees in risk and control functions is covering their own arses first, then, where practicable, their organisation’s. There are two places where legal decisions need to be made: Firstly, in configuring the playbook that supplies the parameters for the contract review tool; and secondly, by the legal eagle herself, in combat during a live negotiation, when confronted with a challenge from the counterparty.

• The playbook: There is not a negotiation manual nor a playbook on the planet which stipulates walk-away points at an actual, real-life, point at which the organisation will actually walk away. Not a one. It is wrought in the abstract, without the benefit of individual mitigants that might accompany any project. It is modelled not on the golden mean, but the lowest common denominator. It will have too many rules, and all will be informed by the credit officer’s refrain: it can’t hurt to ask. They may even employ that fatuous supposition that some justify by reference to behavioural economics, that it leaves us something to concede so that the client can think it has won something.
• The negotiation: it is a great comfort and solace to an inhouse lawyer to be able to make commercial decisions, to concede technical or finicky points, and let de minimis points go, on the fly. This is what gives the legal eagle her wings. This vouches safe her autonomy, her mastery and her purpose. This is why she shows up for work. This is why she slogged through all those interminable lectures about promissory estoppel all those years ago. There is something ineffable, even infinite about that knowledge: it is impervious to measurement; it lies in a rich forensic magisterium beyond the censorial gaze of internal audit. You cannot quantify it. In this sunlit realm, we legal eagles can truly fly.

Immediately, the playbook interferes with the free run of our young eagle’s magisterium. Before she can even unfold her wings, the contract review tool has marked-up the document to rule, faithfully cleaving to each enacted stricture of the playbook, however prudish, tiresome or nonsensical. It is like Horton the goddamn Elephant, doggedly sitting on a nest up a tree. Now bearing in mind that saving her precious time is of the essence, it would be most counterproductive for our young eagle now to undo all those fussy, machine-generated corrections — and so we see we have created a cyber version of our old favourite the anal paradox. And, paradox aside, why is de-stupiding a machine’s output any more valuable than de-stupiding the original draft in the first place? Did that cost get baked into the business case?

The measure of a legal eagle

But it is worse than that: our legal eagle is snookered: her ineffable judgment is, courtesy of this fusspot machine, suddenly measurable. The bureaucrats can run MIS reports. They can see what she is doing. They have a yardstick, and it will tell them things like, “Lauren Eagle departed from the recommended standard agreement term seven times in June 2019” The rule of self-preservation, which overrides an abstract yen of autonomy whatever Daniel Pink might say, discourage deviation from guidelines, even though the guidelines are stupid. But, dilemma! If she doesn’t intervene, her client is liable to explode into an incandescent rage at her insistence on a two-year term when he expected three. In any case, she can expect to be knee-deep in negotiation, hastily-convened conference calls and, after a time, some hard-tack reverse-ferret client relationship management on a point which, had she not bothered with the contract review tool, she would never have raised at all. Look — it is only a confi, and it will get sorted out, but remember the original point of the contract review tool was to cut down on work and save costs, not generate more if it.

There is a role for CRM

If you step back and re-contextualise the promise of reg-tech, there is a role for automated contract review. But it is not to supplant humans, but just to give them a scratchpad. If the AI does work at all and you can take out the human backstop, and throw anything at the software, and commit to training it as you go, then you might find it starts to be useful after a while. A machine that can pick out indemnities, governing law, limitations of liability and exclusions in a 40-page contract— just highlighting them, even if not having anything much to say about them — that would be a useful contract companion. This is a much less ambitious, but more realistic, goal.

See also

• Why is reg tech so disappointing?
• A World Without Work